運動不足
研究顯示,持續中等至激烈程度的運動對於不同年齡層的人都有一定的好處,例如降低糖尿病及高血壓的發生率(註1);除了前面提到的好處之外,中等至激烈程度的運動可以降低高血壓患者的血壓值(註2),並形成個人對抗特定癌症的保護因子(即使個人體重偏重也是)(註3)。
飲食習慣不良
有研究指出,全球飲食型態逐漸朝以下方向演變:攝取更多高熱量的糖/甜味劑、鹽、動物脂肪及食用油脂(註1);前述趨勢又因食物價格下跌、更多更便利的超市以及大規模的都會化而更難以逆轉(註4)(方便不等於營養)。
抽菸
在公元2000年,全球每年約5百萬人死於抽菸相關的疾病(註5)。二手菸被國際癌症研究機構(IARC)列為第一級致癌物,造成16%(開發中國家)-30%(已開發國家)的癌症形成(註6)。抽菸同時是膀胱癌、胰臟癌、腎臟癌、胃癌、子宮頸癌、鼻癌及血癌的危險因子(註7)。2009年的研究顯示,已知有40種與抽菸有關的致死病因(註8)(飯後一根菸,早早上西天?)。
瞭解了慢性病的相關因素,下次來看看不同的慢性病...對人體的影響吧!
註1 Halpin, H.A., Morales-Suárez-Varela, M.M. & Martin-Moreno, J.M. Public Health Rev (2010) 32: 120. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03391595
註2 Sui X, LaMonte MJ, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of nonfatal cardiovascular disease in women and men with hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:608-15.
Sieverdes JC, Sui X, Lee DC, Church TS, McClain A, Hand GA, et al. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fi tness, and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in a prospective study of men. Br J Sports Med. 2009; July 26; [Epub ahead of print].
註3 Melzer K, Kayser B, Pichard C. Physical activity: the health benefi ts outweigh the risks. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004;7:641–7.
註4 Popkin BM. Global changes in diet and activity patterns as drivers of the nutrition transition. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2009;63:1-10, 10-4,259-68.
註5 Ezzati M, Lopez AD. Regional, disease specifi c patterns of smoking-attributable mortality in 2000. Tob Control. 2004; 13:388-95.
註6 International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. IARC Monogr Evaluat Carcinog Risks Hum.Vol. 83. Lyon (France): IARC; 2004; 83:1-1438.
註7 Castellsagué X, Díaz M, de Sanjosé S, Muñoz N, Herrero R, Franceschi S, et al. Worldwide human papillomavirus etiology of cervical adenocarcinoma and its cofactors: implications for screening and prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:303-15.
註8 Corrêa PC, Barreto SM, Passos VM. Smoking-attributable mortality and years of potential life lost in 16 Brazilian capitals, 2003: a prevalence- based study. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:206.
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